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Two-hit Reprograming of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Kazunari K Yokoyama
Endogenous and exogenous stresses produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and these can cause DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence. The reprogramming of somatic cells to produce induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) initially requires ROS production and then represses the endogenous expression of tumor suppressor factors such as p53, p21Cip1, and p16Ink4a. This article discusses a two-hit model of stress-induced reprogramming for generating iPSCs and suggests new clinical tools for stem cell therapy.